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Stockholm Nobel Prize for medicine goes to Germans and two Americans
(Video: Reuters Photo: AFP)
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The body has a sophisticated transportation system. Such as hormones, neurotransmitters and proteins packaged, shipped and unpacked again, this year’s Nobel laureate in medicine have researched. The German Thomas C. Südhof and the American James E. Rothman and Randy W. Schekman share award.
The Nobel Prize for Medicine has been awarded to the American James E. Rothman and Randy W. Schekman and the German Thomas C. Südhof.
scientists have, according to the Nobel committee “solved the puzzle of how cells organize their transport system.” Their findings contribute to the understanding of a variety of diseases. For where the transportation system is not functioning properly, it may cause some neurological disorders, problems in Immunsysten and diabetes.
their discoveries, the three researchers have revealed the incredibly precise control system via the cell specific molecules into vesicles – a kind of small bubble with a membrane envelope – “wrap” and send it to a specific location in the body. “Without this wonderful organization precisely the cell would plunge into chaos,” writes the Nobel Foundation.
“Every cell,” writes the Nobel Foundation, “is like a small factory that produces molecules and exported”: hormones such as insulin, for example, are produced in certain cells and released into the blood. Neurons communicate via chemical signals – called neurotransmitters. Also, proteins such as enzymes are transported from one place to another. Since these substances are to be effective, however, only at the destination within or outside the cell, they are put into an envelope – the vesicles. And these are then sent as packets over a kind of body’s own postal system.
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Randy Schekman had encountered in his work on yeast in the 1970s to cells in which the transport system was not working properly. Vesicles clustered in certain parts of the cell, rather than the destination. The cause, Shek Mans knowledge, was in the genome of the yeast cells. He identified the affected mutant genes. It was three classes of genes that control different parts of the transport system.
Each body cell is part of a complex transport system, are brought from one cell to another in the different molecules. The transport must occur at the right place at the right time. The molecules such as hormones, enzymes or neurotransmitters (the bubbles in the graphic) packaged into vesicles that fuse with the membrane envelopes of cells or cell parts.
(Photo: Mattias KarlénKarolinska Institutet / Nobel Assembly )James Rothman dealt from the 1980s to the vesicle transport in the cells of mammals. He found that certain proteins of the vesicles bind to the envelope of the cells where the membranes of the transport container then merge with that of its target. They combine “like two halves of a zipper,” as the Nobel Foundation writes. Since there are a number of different proteins that can only dock at certain points, it is guaranteed that the packets are delivered to the right address. And this principle works both in and outside the cell. Some of the genes found in yeast Schekman, also code for proteins that are found in mammals Rothman. This is a clear indication that parts of these transport systems already existed in a common ancestor of animals and yeast, and are therefore already arisen very early in evolution.
Thomas Südhof now explored in the 1990s, such as nerve cells in the brain communicate. The neurotransmitter, over which the happens also be given of vesicles when they merge with the exterior of the nerve cell. But that can happen only when a signal is actually passed. Südhof noted that this is only when a current of calcium ions flow into the cell. This ensures that the proteins of the vesicles with the cell wall and connect them like the neurotransmitters. Thus he was able to show how the process is regulated temporally.
Thomas Südhof, on 22 Born December 1955 in Göttingen. He studied medicine at the RWTH Aachen University, Harvard University and the University of Göttingen. He received his PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. He then worked at the University of Texas at Dallas. Südhof 2008 moved to the University of Stanford. He is a professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Psychiatry and Neurology.
James E. Rothman came in 1950 in Haverhill, Massachusetts, to the world. He studied at the Eliteunversitäten Yale and Harvard. His Forscherlaufbhan led him among other things to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Stanford and Princeton University. Since 2008 Professor for Biomedical Sciences at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Schekman was born in 1948 in St Paul, Minnesota. He earned a bachelor’s degree in the University of California at Los Angeles. Subsequently, he also conducted research at Stanford. Since 1989 Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley holds.
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