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Nobel Prize in Chemistry for three Americans Experiments in Cyberspace
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this year’s Laureates have made the model of the chemist tinkering obsolete: computer models replace plastic balls and rods and form chemical processes from realistic. For the development of the necessary programs, Americans Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announced that the Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year goes to the Austria-born Americans Martin Karplus, the US-British scientist Michael Levitt and the American-Israeli scientist Arieh Warshel.
researchers are honored for developing multi-scale models of complex chemical systems.
long time, chemists rely on plastic balls and rods to create three-dimensional models of molecules, writes the Nobel Foundation. The three researchers set in the 1970′s the basis for powerful computer programs that have made the craft work of scientists obsolete. Today computer models can use to understand and predict chemical processes.
“This award is about to bring the chemistry experiment in cyberspace,” said Staffan Normark, Permanent Secretary of the Academy: “Computer models that reflect real life, are crucial for most advances in chemistry today be done. “
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alone with classical physics can simulate the reactions between molecules hardly realistic. This jump in a fraction of a millisecond electrons from one atom to another core, which processes take place with light speed. It added effects that the quantum physics is concerned. Therefore Karplus, Levitt and Warshel developed methods by which scientists can leave it to computers to map the steps of these processes, it is, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
This year’s winners have made it possible to use the insights of both classical and quantum physics. Therefore, their work was “groundbreaking”, the jury of the Nobel Foundation. Previously, researchers were forced to decide on an approach. Now, writes the academy, be it for example possible to simulate the process of how a drug is combined with a protein in the body. To illustrate how those atoms behave that interact with each other, quantum theoretical calculations are necessary. For the other components of the molecules can be against the laws of classical physics apply.
the computer scientists to simulate chemical reactions at the molecular level today. Quantum physics is taken into account for those atoms that interact, classical physics for the remaining parts of the molecules.
(Photo: Johan Jarnestad / The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences )“Today, the computer is an important tool for chemists as well as the test tube,” the academy. “Simulations are so realistic that they can predict the results of traditional experiments.”
with the detailed knowledge of the chemical processes can be, for example, drugs, cells and optimize chemical catalysts. Already, some are actually few drugs have been co-developed with this method, Helmut Grubmüller, said director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. “This has helped for example, to develop a mix of drugs for AIDS patients.” In the future, the technology for the development of drugs will still important.
Martin Karplus was born in 1930 in Vienna. He studied at Harvard and at the California Institute of Technology. Karplus research at the University of Strasbourg and at Harvard, where he also held professorships. He is now retired.
Michael Levitt is a U.S. citizen and British. He came to the world in 1947 in the South African Pretoria. He received his PhD in British Cambridge and holds a Chair in Cancer Research at Stanford University in the USA.
born in 1940 in what is now Israel Arieh Warshel completed his academic education in Israel. He is a professor at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and is also an American citizen.
The prize is worth eight million Swedish kronor (nearly 925,000 euros) and on 10 December presented.
Chemistry Nobel Prize was first awarded in 1901, and although the Dutchman Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff for his “discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”.
Last year the prize went to the Americans Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka for their studies on G-protein-coupled receptors – a group of receptors, without which we can not smell, can not see and could not react to danger.
Gerhard Ertl has recently received a 2007 German Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Ertl was awarded for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
On Tuesday, the Nobel Prize in Physics Peter Higgs and François Englert had been awarded, the theoretical considerations led to the discovery of the Higgs particle. A day earlier, the Nobel Prize for Medicine to the German-born Thomas Südhof and the two U.S. researchers James Rothman and Randy Schekman had been awarded. They had discovered significant transport mechanisms in cells.
On Thursday, the Nobel Prize for Literature will be announced on Friday followed by the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.
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